CHORE: Update test matrix - drop Python 3.10, upgrade Ubuntu 22.04 to 24.04, add Python 3.14 to macOS

[gargsaumya]

Work Item / Issue Reference

AB#45036
AB#45037

GitHub Issue: #<ISSUE_NUMBER>

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Summary

This pull request updates the CI pipeline and related configurations to support newer versions of Python and Ubuntu. The main focus is on upgrading the Python versions used for builds and testing, and updating Ubuntu environments from 22.04 to 24.04. These changes ensure continued compatibility and take advantage of improvements in the latest language and OS releases.

Python version upgrades:

• Updated the supported Python versions in common-variables.yml and pyproject.toml to include 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, and 3.14, removing older versions. [1] [2]
• Modified the PR validation pipeline to dynamically select the Python version for SQL Server jobs and added explicit support for Python 3.13 and 3.14 in the matrix.

Ubuntu version upgrades:

• Changed all pipeline jobs and matrix entries to use ubuntu:24.04 instead of ubuntu:22.04 for both x64 and ARM64 builds. [1] [2]
• Updated URLs for Microsoft repository configuration and package lists to target Ubuntu 24.04, ensuring compatibility with the new OS version. [1] [2] [3]

PR Title Guide

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Contribution Guidelines

External contributors:

• Create a GitHub issue first: https://github.com/microsoft/mssql-python/issues/new
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[Copilot]

Pull request overview

Updates the CI test matrix to drop EOL Python 3.10, add Python 3.14, upgrade Ubuntu base images from 22.04 to 24.04, and expand macOS Python coverage to test both 3.13 and 3.14.

Changes:

• Bump Python versions: drop 3.10, add 3.14 in PYTHON_VERSIONS and Black target-version.
• Upgrade Ubuntu Docker images and Microsoft package repo URLs from 22.04 to 24.04.
• Parameterize macOS Python version per matrix entry (SQL2022→3.13, SQL2025→3.14).

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 3 out of 3 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
pyproject.toml	Update Black target-version to py311–py314.
OneBranchPipelines/variables/common-variables.yml	Update PYTHON_VERSIONS to 3.11–3.14.
eng/pipelines/pr-validation-pipeline.yml	Parameterize macOS Python version per matrix; bump Ubuntu image and MS repo URLs to 24.04.

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